ABSTRACT

Objective:

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections that cause serious mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of long public holidays on HAIs rates in the intensive care units (ICUs).

Methods:

The study was conducted in tertiary university education and research hospital, from January 2014 to October 2015. All ICUs are monitored daily by the infection control team by the active surveillance method. In this study, LPH and normal working periods (NWT) that develop HAIs, the bacterial factors that cause HAIs, between periods mortality rates, and overall mortality rates were compared. All data were analyzed with the Epi-Info program (Atlanta, USA) and p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results:

During the study period, 3082 patients in the ICU were followed up. The HAI rate was 3.5% in NWT and 16.5% in LPH (p=0.001). The examination of bacterial distribution that causes HAIs revealed significantly higher gram-negative bacterial infections in LPH than in NWT [13.7% and 2.4%, respectively (p=0.001)]. The mortality rate examination revealed no significant difference in the overall mortality rates between study periods (p=0.769); infection-related mortality rates were significantly higher in LPH (7.3%; p=0.002).

Conclusion:

HAIs are affected by LPH. All employees should be motivated to prevent HAIs and should be trained for infection control measures before and after the holidays.

Introduction

Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is an important health problem. Today, many complicated procedures and invasive procedures are frequently performed. These situations increase the risk of HAI. HAIs can cause functional impairment, decreased quality of life, and deaths. Additionally, prolonged hospital stay increased antibiotic consumption, isolation costs, workload, and economic losses (1-3).

Some days are official holidays in Turkey, such as April 23 (National Sovereignty And Children’s Day), May 19 Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day), August 30 (Independence Day), and October 29 (Republic Day), as well as some religious holidays, such as Ramadan and Qurban (Literally, “sacrifice”). Sometimes, on these official and religious festivals, long public holidays (LPH) are granted by the government, and allowances are sometimes extended up to 9 days. The LPH, which includes long working hours, disruptions, and problems that occur in transportation, communication, security, and health services. Hospitals are one of the most affected institutions from LPH because primary healthcare centers are closed (4,5). In our country, the most social mobility is seen during these holidays. Patients are generally admitted to the emergency services in LPHs. As both primary healthcare centers are closed and patients can only apply to the emergency department of hospitals, working as a hospital healthcare personnel during these periods becomes difficult. Moreover, the workload of the health care practitioner is also higher in LPHs than normal working hours (5-7). Contrary to the workload, more inexperienced personnel are employed during the LPH. Furthermore, these inexperienced staffs are working on duty for a long time and are exhausted (5-8). Therefore, infection control was thought to be easily compromised from the measures of these exhausted personnel (9). Moreover, many employees with controlled duties are permitted in those periods. Thus, staffs who are not concerned about monitoring can ignore infection control measures (6,7,10).

Our research revealed that a study published in English, which investigated the risk of hospital infection during LPHs, is not accessible. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of LPHs on the risk of infection.

Methods

Working Design and Data Collection

During the study period, reanimation, neurology, cardiovascular surgery, and surgical intensive care unit (ICU) were monitored daily by the active surveillance method of the infection control team.

Study Periods

The study was carried out between January 01, 2014, and October 10, 2015, in tertiary university education and research hospital with a total capacity of 900 beds.

LPH

LPH was defined as public holidays that are ≥4 days including weekends. This study included patients who are hospitalized in the ICUs for >1 day. Upon unit admission, patients who are infected and colonized were excluded from the study. The number of patients, the day of hospitalization, and the developing HAI information were obtained from the surveillance files.

Normal Working Time (NWT)

NWT was defined as normal working periods that do not include any public holidays without weekends. During this period, patients who are hospitalized in the ICU for >1 day, as in LPH, were included in the study, whereas patients who were infected and colonized upon admission were excluded. During NWT, the number of inpatients, patient days, and developing HAI rates were obtained from the surveillance records.

Infection-related Mortality Rate

Patients who died within the first 28 days after the infection diagnosis was accepted as infection-related death. The ınfection-related mortality rate was calculated with this formula: patients who died within 28 days after the infection diagnosis ÷ patients followed up in the relevant period (LPH/NWT) x100.

Overall Mortality Rate

Patients who died from non-infectious causes 28 days after the infection diagnosis were accepted as the overall mortality-related death. The overall mortality rate was calculated with this formula: patients who died from non-infectious causes 28 days after infection diagnosis ÷ patients followed up in the relevant period (LPH/NWT) x100.

Inclusion Criteria

All patients in the ICU of our hospital were included in the study. The infection and colonization discrimination of patients was performed according to the diagnostic criteria of the hospital infection of the Center for Diseases Control (z) (11).

Exclusion Criteria

Patients with colonization and patients under 18 years old were excluded from the study.

Ethical Consent

Ethical approval of this study was obtained from Sakarya University Medical Faculty Ethics Committee with the application dated 04/17/2017: document number: 85/2017.

Statistical Analysis

Data were evaluated in Epi-info (CDC, Atlanta, USA) 6.0 computer program. The Student t-test was used to evaluate quantitative variables, and chi-square and yates corrected chi-square tests were used to evaluate qualitative data. p-values of <0.05 were considered significant.

Results

During the study period, 3082 patients were followed in the ICUs. The number of patients in LPH was 109 and patient days was 993. The number of patients in NWT was 2,973 and patient days was 23,044. The rate of HAI was 16.5% (n=18) in LPH, whereas 3.5% (n=106) in NWT and there was a significant difference between LPH and NWT [p=0.001, odds ratio (OR): 5.35, 3.00 < OR < 9.45). A total of 18 (16.5%) HAI develops in LPH, whereas 16 (3.5%) in NWT (p=0.001). Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection was the HAIs in LPH. Similarly, the most common HAI in NWT was central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection (Table 1). Table 1 presents the distribution of HAI according to periods. Gram-negative bacteria that are detected as a pathogen of nosocomial infection were more frequently observed in LPH than in NWT [13.7% vs. 2.4%, respectively (p=0.001)] (Table 2). In both LPH and NWT, the most common cause of HAI was Gram-negative bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus spp. The overall mortality rate was 28.4% (31/109) and 29.7% (883/2,973) in LPH and NWT, respectively (p=0.777). Infection-related mortality rate was significantly higher in LPH [7.3% (8/109)] than in NWT [2.5% (74/2973)] (p=0.001). Mortality rates were given in Figure 1.

Discussion

Hand hygiene and infection control measure compliance has shown an effect in reducing health-related infection rates (12,13). Hand hygiene compliance with a hand hygiene education program was reported to increase from 46% to 69% (p<0.0001) and the nosocomial sepsis rate decreased from 96% to 47% (p<0.0001) (14). Hand hygiene compliance with the hand hygiene program was significantly increased from 25.7% to 57.5% (p<0.001), and the incidence of HAIs was 31.7% from 20.3% (p<0.001) (15). However, if the healthcare personnel are subject to a heavy workload, many infection control measures are compromised, especially hand hygiene (16). This study revealed that more infections may occur if healthcare personnel is exposed to a heavy workload during LWP. Mortality in LPHs is higher than in NWT. This is also evident in infection-related mortality. The increased mortality due to infection is thought to be related to the increased work intensity per employee. A study reported that mortality increased by 3.5 times higher with the nurse bed ratio at <1/2.5 in the same study period. When the doctor/bed ratio was above 1/14, the mortality increased 2 times (20). A retrospective observational study conducted in the United Kingdom with quite a lot of patients (n=38,168) revealed that survival improved as the number of both doctors and nurses increased (21).

One study revealed that infection-related mortality is higher in LPHs than in NWT. Hospital mortality rates were seen higher in LPH than NWT (17). This situation may be related to the amount of work per staff member in LPH. Many staff does not come to work in LPH, thus the services work with full capacity. Healthcare personnel who are obliged to train a specific job at this time can easily abandon the necessity of compliance with hospital cleaning or isolation measures. Additionally, our study revealed that hygiene practices should be monitored in LPH. Acute hospitals provide round-the-clock services, 7 days a week; however, the number of personnel (seniority and number) is seen lower on weekends than on weekdays (22). Nurse inadequacy and increased nursing workload have been associated with an increased risk of adverse patient outcomes (e.g., falls, decubitus, medication administration errors, healthcare-related infections, unplanned extubations, and mortality), as well as nurse burnout and job dissatisfaction (23).

During LPH, intensive care workers are exposed to a heavy workload per capita. The number of experienced staff in LPHs is less than the NWT. Additionally, many invasive procedures are performed with less qualified personnel (8). Therefore, the development of infection due to invasive procedures increases, as well as the infection frequency. Moreover, the number of staff in charge of the supervision is decreasing in LPHs. Employees may exhibit sloppy behavior when they feel that they are not being monitored or controlled. Thus, many measures, such as hand washing, wearing gloves, or adapting to isolation measures, may be inconvenient. A study on feedback to the healthcare workers showed a significantly decreased central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections (17).

Hospital surface cleaning is thought to be much worse in these periods since the number of staff involved in the resettlement is less than the normal period and the unit work volume per staff is much higher. The deterioration of all these functions also brings about deterioration. Significantly, more gram-negative and yeast infections are observed. LPHs understandably had the highest level of contamination due to grove turnover and the greater number of patients and staff workload seemed less sensitive in prioritizing the hygiene in these periods (19). The heavy workload in the work shift also increases the probability of hospital infections (24).

Conclusion

Therefore, LPH is disadvantageous for HAI. Prevention of HAI is a process that begins with a patient’s hospital admission. Healthcare personnel should be aware that HAI is preventable. An education plan for infection control measures should be established, training should be made continuous and repeated before and after an LPHs. LPH significantly influences hygiene and infection control, facilitates the spread of pathogenic bacteria, and increases infection-related deaths. Therefore, infection control precautions should be more frequently supervised in LPHs.